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# Tor

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The Tor Project (The onion routing) is an open source implementation of onion routing that provides free access to an anonymous proxy network. Its primary goal is to enable online anonymity by protecting against traffic analysis attacks.

Users of the Tor network run an onion proxy software on their machines, which presents a SOCKS interface to its clients. This software connects out to Tor, periodically negotiating a virtual circuit through the Tor network. Tor employs cryptography in a layered manner (hence the 'onion' analogy), ensuring forward secrecy between routers.

Through this process the onion proxy manages networking traffic for end-user anonymity. It keeps a user anonymous by encrypting traffic, sending it through other nodes of the Tor network, and decrypting it at the last node to receive your traffic before forwarding it to the server you specified. One trade off is that using Tor can be considerably slower than a regular direct connection, due to the large amount of traffic re-routing. Additionally, although Tor provides protection against traffic analysis it cannot prevent traffic confirmation at the boundaries of the Tor network (i.e. the traffic entering and exiting the network). See Wikipedia:Tor (anonymity network) for more information.

Note: Tor by itself is not all you need to maintain anonymity. There are several major pitfalls to watch out for (see Am I totally anonymous if I use Tor?).

## Installation

Install the torbrowser-launcher package to use the Tor Browser, which is the only supported way to browse the web anonymously using Tor.

Users intending to manually use Tor with other software, run relays, or host onion services should install the tor package. The majority of this article covers this usage.

Nyx is a command line monitor for Tor, it provides bandwidth usage, connection details and on-the-fly configuration editing. To use it, install the nyx package.

## Usage

Start/enable `tor.service`. Alternatively, launch it manually as the tor user:

    [tor]$ /usr/bin/tor

To use a program over Tor, configure it to use `127.0.0.1` or `localhost` as a SOCKS5 proxy, with port `9050` for plain Tor with standard settings.

The proxy supports remote DNS resolution: use `socks5h://localhost:9050` for DNS resolution from the exit node (instead of `socks5` for a local DNS resolution).

To check if Tor is functioning properly, visit https://check.torproject.org/.

## Configuration

Tor reads its configurations from the file `/etc/tor/torrc` by default, or if the latter is not found, from `$HOME/.torrc`. The configuration options are explained in tor(1). The default configuration should work fine for most Tor users.

To reload the configuration after a change, reload `tor.service`.

### Relay Configuration

The maximum file descriptor number that can be opened by Tor can be set with `LimitNOFILE` in `tor.service`. Fast relays may want to increase this value.

If your computer is not running a web server, and you have not set `AccountingMax`, consider changing your `ORPort` to `443` and/or your `DirPort` to `80`. Many Tor users are stuck behind firewalls that only let them browse the web, and this change will let them reach your Tor relay. If you are already using ports `80` and `443`, other useful ports are `22`, `110`, `143` and `9001`.[1] Ports below 1024 are privileged ports, so to use those, Tor must be run as root by setting `User=root` in `tor.service` and `User tor` in `torrc`.

You may wish to review the Tor documentation.

### Open Tor ControlPort

Most users will not need this. But some programs will ask you to open your Tor ControlPort so they get low-level access to your Tor node.

Via the ControlPort, other applications can change and monitor your Tor node, modify your Tor configuration while Tor is running, or get details about Tor network status and Tor circuits.

Append to your `torrc` file:

    ControlPort 9051

From The Tor Control Protocol:

  For security, the [Tor control] stream should not be accessible by untrusted parties.

So, for more security, we will restrict access to the ControlPort, either with a cookie file, or a control password, or both.

Warning: Only provide the password or access to the cookie to trusted processes and users, since they can be used to modify arbitrary configuration options of the service.

#### Set a Tor Control cookie file

Add to your `torrc`:

    CookieAuthentication 1
    CookieAuthFile /var/lib/tor/control_auth_cookie
    CookieAuthFileGroupReadable 1
    DataDirectoryGroupReadable 1

Restart `tor.service` to apply the change.

With cookie auth, access to the ControlPort is restricted by file permissions to the Tor cookie file, and to the Tor data directory.

Add users to the `tor` user group to give them access to the Tor cookie file.

You can use this command to check the permissions:

    $ stat -c%a /var/lib/tor /var/lib/tor/control_auth_cookie

It should print `750` and `640`.

#### Set a Tor Control password

Convert your password from plain-text to hash:

    $ set +o history # unset bash history
    $ tor --hash-password your_password
    $ set -o history # set bash history

and add that hash to your `torrc`:

    HashedControlPassword your_hash

The bash history commands prevent your clear-text password from being written to your bash `$HISTFILE`.

#### Open Tor ControlSocket

If some program needs access to your Tor ControlSocket, as in Unix Domain Socket, add the following to your `torrc`:

    ControlSocket /var/lib/tor/control_socket
    ControlSocketsGroupWritable 1
    DataDirectoryGroupReadable 1
    CacheDirectoryGroupReadable 1 # workaround for tor bug #26913

Add the user who will run the program to the `tor` user group.

Restart `tor.service` and relaunch the program.

To verify the permissions of the control socket:

    $ stat -c%a /var/lib/tor /var/lib/tor/control_socket

It should print `750` and `660`.

#### Test your Tor Control

To test your ControlPort, run gnu-netcat with

    $ echo -e 'PROTOCOLINFO\r\n' | nc 127.0.0.1 9051

To test your ControlSocket, run socat with

    $ echo -e 'PROTOCOLINFO\r\n' | socat - UNIX-CLIENT:/var/lib/tor/control_socket

both commands should print

    250-PROTOCOLINFO 1
    250-AUTH METHODS=COOKIE,SAFECOOKIE,HASHEDPASSWORD COOKIEFILE="/var/lib/tor/control_auth_cookie"
    250-VERSION Tor="0.4.8.12"
    250 OK
    514 Authentication required.

See The Tor Control Protocol for more commands.

### Using system Tor service in the browser

When using the Tor browser, it is possibly to use the running system service instead of initiating a second connection to the Tor network. Instructions are contained in the starter file for the browser, which by default is located at `~/.local/share/torbrowser/tbb/x86_64/tor-browser/Browser/start-tor-browser`.

As of version `0.3.7`, the following steps can be followed:

1. In `/etc/tor/torrc`, look for the setting `#SOCKSPort` and copy down the address and port there. If no address is given, it is `127.0.0.1` by default, and if not port is given it is `9050` by default.
2. Follow the steps in #Open Tor ControlPort and #Set a Tor Control password, and copy down both the password and control port you've set.
3. In the Tor browser, navigate to `about:config` and set the following flags:

       # SETTING NAME                             VALUE
       # network.proxy.socks                      <SocksAddress>
       # network.proxy.socks_port                 <SocksPort>
       # extensions.torbutton.inserted_button     true
       # extensions.torbutton.launch_warning      false
       # extensions.torbutton.loglevel            2
       # extensions.torbutton.logmethod           0
       # extensions.torlauncher.control_port      <ControlPort>
       # extensions.torlauncher.loglevel          2
       # extensions.torlauncher.logmethod         0
       # extensions.torlauncher.prompt_at_startup false
       # extensions.torlauncher.start_tor         false

4. Edit the start file of the Tor browser, which by default is `~/.local/share/torbrowser/tbb/x86_64/tor-browser/Browser/start-tor-browser`. Replace the word `secret` with the control password in the following line:

       setControlPortPasswd ${TOR_CONTROL_PASSWD:='"secret"'}

   Warning: Do not modify the set of two quotes around the word secret.
5. Restart the Tor browser. If succesful, there should be a message on the startup page explaining the connection is not managed by the Tor browser, and `tor.service` should log a line saying `New control connection opened from <SocksAddress>`.

## Running Tor in a chroot

Note: Connecting with telnet to the local ControlPort seems to be broken while running Tor in a chroot

For security purposes, it may be desirable to run Tor in a chroot. The following script will create an appropriate chroot in `/opt/torchroot`:

    ~/torchroot-setup.sh

    #!/bin/sh
    export TORCHROOT=/opt/torchroot

    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/etc/tor
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/dev
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/usr/bin
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/usr/lib
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/usr/share/tor
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/var/lib
    mkdir -p $TORCHROOT/var/log/tor/

    ln -s /usr/lib  $TORCHROOT/lib
    cp /etc/hosts           $TORCHROOT/etc/
    cp /etc/host.conf       $TORCHROOT/etc/
    cp /etc/localtime       $TORCHROOT/etc/
    cp /etc/nsswitch.conf   $TORCHROOT/etc/
    cp /etc/resolv.conf     $TORCHROOT/etc/

    cp /usr/bin/tor         $TORCHROOT/usr/bin/
    cp /usr/share/tor/geoip* $TORCHROOT/usr/share/tor/
    cp /lib/libnss* /lib/libnsl* /lib/ld-linux-*.so* /lib/libresolv* /lib/libgcc_s.so* $TORCHROOT/usr/lib/
    cp $(ldd /usr/bin/tor | awk '{print $3}'|grep --color=never "^/") $TORCHROOT/usr/lib/

    ### /var/log/tor/notices.log is only needed if you run hidden services
    # cp /var/log/tor/notices.log $TORCHROOT/var/log/tor/

    cp -r /var/lib/tor      $TORCHROOT/var/lib/
    cp /etc/tor/torrc       $TORCHROOT/etc/tor/

    chown tor:tor $TORCHROOT
    chmod 700 $TORCHROOT
    chown -R tor:tor $TORCHROOT/var/lib/tor
    chown -R tor:tor $TORCHROOT/var/log/tor

    sh -c "grep --color=never ^tor /etc/passwd > $TORCHROOT/etc/passwd"
    sh -c "grep --color=never ^tor /etc/group > $TORCHROOT/etc/group"

    mknod -m 644 $TORCHROOT/dev/random c 1 8
    mknod -m 644 $TORCHROOT/dev/urandom c 1 9
    mknod -m 666 $TORCHROOT/dev/null c 1 3

    if [ "$(uname -m)" = "x86_64" ]; then
      cp /usr/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so* $TORCHROOT/usr/lib/.
      ln -sr /usr/lib64 $TORCHROOT/lib64
      ln -s $TORCHROOT/usr/lib ${TORCHROOT}/usr/lib64
    fi

After running the script as root, Tor can be launched in the chroot with the command:

    # chroot --userspec=tor:tor /opt/torchroot /usr/bin/tor

or, if you use systemd, overload the service:

    /etc/systemd/system/tor.service.d/chroot.conf

    [Service]
    User=root
    ExecStart=
    ExecStart=/usr/bin/sh -c "chroot --userspec=tor:tor /opt/torchroot /usr/bin/tor -f /etc/tor/torrc"
    KillSignal=SIGINT

## Running Tor in a systemd-nspawn container with a virtual network interface

In this example we will create a systemd-nspawn container named `tor-exit` with a virtual macvlan network interface.

See systemd-nspawn and systemd-networkd for full documentation.

### Host installation and configuration

In this example the container will reside in `/srv/container`:

    # mkdir /srv/container/tor-exit

Install the arch-install-scripts.

Install base, tor and nyx as per systemd-nspawn#Create and boot a minimal Arch Linux container:

    # pacstrap -K -ci /srv/container/tor-exit base tor nyx

Create directory if it does not exist:

    # mkdir /var/lib/container

Symlink to register the container on the host, as per systemd-nspawn#Management:

    # ln -s /srv/container/tor-exit /var/lib/container/tor-exit

#### Virtual network interface

Create a drop-in configuration file for the container:

    /etc/systemd/nspawn/tor-exit.nspawn

    [Network]
    MACVLAN=interface

    [Exec]
    LimitNOFILE=65536

`MACVLAN=interface` creates a "macvlan" interface named `mv-interface` and assigns it to the container, see systemd-nspawn#Use a "macvlan" or "ipvlan" interface for details. This is advisable for security as it will allow you to give a private IP to the container, and it will not know what your machine's IP is. This can help obscure DNS requests.

`LimitNOFILE=65536` per #Raise maximum number of open file descriptors.

Set up systemd-networkd according to your network in `/srv/container/tor-exit/etc/systemd/network/mv-interface.network`.

#### Start and enable systemd-nspawn

Start/enable `systemd-nspawn@tor-exit.service`.

### Container configuration

Login to the container (see systemd-nspawn#machinectl):

    # machinectl login tor-exit

#### Start and enable systemd-networkd

Start and enable `systemd-networkd.service`. `networkctl` displays if `systemd-networkd` is correctly configured.

### Configure Tor

See #Running a Tor server.

Tip: It is easier to edit files in the container from the host with your normal editor.

## Web browsing

The only way to browse anonymously is with the supported Tor Browser Bundle, which uses a patched version of Firefox. It can be installed with the torbrowser-launcher package.

Tor can also be used with regular browsers: see #Firefox or #Chromium to run these browsers through the Tor network. Note this is not an anonymous way to browse even in "private browsing" mode: fingerprinting, plugins, DNS leak and other shortcomings may reveal your IP address or identity. [2]

### Firefox

In Preferences > General > Network Settings > Settings... , select Manual proxy configuration and enter SOCKS host `localhost` with port `9050` (SOCKS v5).

### Chromium

You can simply run:

    $ chromium --proxy-server="socks5://myproxy:8080" --host-resolver-rules="MAP * ~NOTFOUND , EXCLUDE myproxy"

The `--proxy-server="socks5://myproxy:8080"` flag tells Chrome to send all `http://` and `https://` URL requests through the SOCKS proxy server `"myproxy:8080"`, using version 5 of the SOCKS protocol. The hostname for these URLs will be resolved by the proxy server, and not locally by Chrome.

Note: Proxying of `ftp://` URLs through a SOCKS proxy is not yet implemented[3].

The `--proxy-server` flag applies to URL loads only. There are other components of Chrome which may issue DNS resolves directly and hence bypass this proxy server. The most notable such component is the "DNS prefetcher". Hence if DNS prefetching is not disabled in Chrome then you will still see local DNS requests being issued by Chrome despite having specified a SOCKS v5 proxy server. Disabling DNS prefetching would solve this problem, however it is a fragile solution since one needs to be aware of all the areas in Chrome which issue raw DNS requests. To address this, the next flag, `--host-resolver-rules="MAP * ~NOTFOUND , EXCLUDE myproxy"`, is a catch-all to prevent Chrome from sending any DNS requests over the network. It says that all DNS resolves are to be simply mapped to the (invalid) address `~NOTFOUND` (think of it as `0.0.0.0`). The `"EXCLUDE"` clause make an exception for `"myproxy"`, because otherwise Chrome would be unable to resolve the address of the SOCKS proxy server itself, and all requests would necessarily fail with `PROXY_CONNECTION_FAILED`.

To prevent the WebRTC leak you can install the extension WebRTC Network Limiter.

Note: For Electron apps you do not need `--host-resolver-rules`

#### Debug

The first thing to check when debugging is look at the Proxy tab on about:net-internals, and verify what the effective proxy settings are: `chrome://net-internals/#proxy`

Next, take a look at the DNS tab of `about:net-internals` to make sure Chrome is not issuing local DNS resolves: `chrome://net-internals/#dns`

#### Extension

Just as with Firefox, you can setup a fast switch for example through Proxy SwitchySharp.

Once installed enter in its configuration page. Under the tab Proxy Profiles add a new profile Tor, if ticked untick the option Use the same proxy server for all protocols, then add localhost as SOCKS Host, 9050 to the respective port and select SOCKS v5.

Optionally you can enable the quick switch under the General tab to be able to switch between normal navigation and Tor network just by left-clicking on the Proxy SwitchySharp's icon.

#### Electron

See #Chromium

### Luakit

Note: It will not be hard for an observer to identify you by the rare user-agent string, and there may be further issues with Flash, JavaScript or similar.

You can simply run:

    $ torsocks luakit

## HTTP proxy

Tor offers a builtin tunneled HTTP proxy and can also be used with an HTTP proxy like Privoxy, however the Tor development team recommends using the SOCKS5 library since browsers directly support it.

### Tor

Add following line to your `torrc` file to set port `8118` on your `localhost` as HTTP proxy:

    HTTPTunnelPort 127.0.0.1:8118

Refer to Tor manual for further information.

### Firefox

The FoxyProxy add-on allows you to specify multiple proxies for different URLs or for all your browsing. After restarting Firefox manually set Firefox to port `8118` on `localhost`, which is where Privoxy are running. These settings can be access under Add > Standard proxy type. Select a proxy label (e.g Tor) and enter the port and host into the HTTP Proxy and SSL Proxy fields. To check if Tor is functioning properly visit the Tor Check website and toggle Tor.

### Privoxy

You can also use this setup in other applications like messaging (e.g. Jabber, IRC clients). Applications that support HTTP proxies you can connect to Privoxy (i.e. `127.0.0.1:8118`). To use SOCKS proxy directly, you can point your application at Tor (i.e. `127.0.0.1:9050`). A problem with this method though is that applications doing DNS resolves by themselves may leak information. Consider using Socks4A (e.g. with Privoxy) instead.

## Instant messaging

In order to use an instant messaging client with tor, we do not need an HTTP proxy like privoxy. We will be using tor's daemon directly which listens to port 9050 by default.

### Pidgin

You can set up Pidgin to use Tor globally, or per account. To use Tor globally, go to Tools -> Preferences -> Proxy. To use Tor for specific accounts, go to Accounts > Manage Accounts, select the desired account, click Modify, then go to the Proxy tab. The proxy settings are as follows:

    Proxy type: SOCKS 5
    Host: 127.0.0.1
    Port: 9050

### Irssi

This article or section is out of date.

Reason: `cap_sasl.pl` is broken with perl 5.20; SSL does also not work with `torsocks` (Discuss in Talk:Tor)

Libera Chat recommends connecting to `.onion` directly. It also requires SASL to identify to NickServ during connection; see Irssi#Authenticating with SASL. Start irssi:

    $ torsocks irssi

Set your identification to nickserv, which will be read when connecting. Supported mechanisms are ECDSA-NIST256P-CHALLENGE (see ecdsatool) and PLAIN. DH-BLOWFISH is not supported.

    /sasl set network username password mechanism

Disable CTCP and DCC and set a different hostname to prevent information disclosure: [4]

    /ignore * CTCPS
    /ignore * DCC
    /set hostname fake_host

Connect to Libera Chat:

    /connect -network network libera75jm6of4wxpxt4aynol3xjmbtxgfyjpu34ss4d7r7q2v5zrpyd.onion

For more information check Accessing Libera.Chat Via Tor, Using SASL or IRC/SILC Wiki article.

## Pacman

Pacman download operations (repository databases, packages, and public keys) can be done using the Tor network.

Advantages:

- Attackers that can monitor your Internet connection and that specifically targets your machine cannot watch the updates anymore and, because of that, they cannot deduce the packages you have installed, how up to date they are, when or how frequently you update them. An attacker can still learn what software and the versions you use by other means, for instance watching the packets from your HTTP server or probing the machine will show that you have an HTTP server installed and its version.
- If the mirror is not an onion, a malicious exit nodes you are going through can watch the updates, and may decide to attack you, however they probably cannot know who they are attacking.
- Attackers trying to make your machine believe that there are no new updates to prevent it from getting security fixes will have a harder time doing it since they cannot target your machine specifically.

Disadvantages:

- Longer update times due to longer latency and lower throughput. This can be a big security risk if/when the updates needs to be done as fast as possible, especially on machines directly connected to the Internet. That is the case when there is a huge security flaw, and that the flaws are fast to probe, easy to exploit, and that attackers have already started targeting as many systems as they can before the systems are updated.

Reliability with Tor:

- You do not need a working DNS anymore.
- You depend on the Tor network and the exit nodes not blocking the updates.
- You depend on the Tor daemon to work properly. The Tor daemon may not work if there is no more disk space available to it. "Reserved blocks gid:" in ext4, quotas, or other means can fix that.
- If you are in a country where Tor is blocked, or that there are almost or no Tor users at all, you should use bridges.

Note on GPG: On stock Arch, pacman only trust keys which are either signed by you (that can be done with `pacman-key --lsign-key`) or signed by 3 of 5 Arch master keys. If a malicious exit node replaces packages with ones signed by its key, pacman will not let the user install the package.

Note: This might not be true for other distributions derived from ARCH, for non-official repositories and for AUR

    /etc/pacman.conf

    ...
    XferCommand = /usr/bin/curl --socks5-hostname localhost:9050 --location --continue-at - --fail --output %o %u
    ...

Note: Due to work in progress for database signatures, you might get 404 for the signatures. Depending on your Pacman/Package signing#Configuring pacman, it should be harmless.

## Java

One can ensure a java application proxies run its connections through Tor by appending the following command line options:

    export JAVA_OPTIONS="$JAVA_OPTIONS -DsocksProxyHost=localhost -DsocksProxyPort=9050"

## Running a Tor server

The Tor network is reliant on people contributing bandwidth and setting up services. There are several ways to contribute to the network.

### Running a Tor bridge

A Tor bridge is a Tor relay that is not listed in the public Tor directory, thus making it possible for people to connect to the Tor network when governments or ISPs block all public Tor relays. Visit https://bridges.torproject.org/ for more information and instructions on how to get bridge addresses.

To run a Tor bridge, make your `torrc` configuration file be just these four lines (also see Tor Project running a bridge):

    SOCKSPort 0
    ORPort 443
    BridgeRelay 1
    ExitRelay 0

### Running a Tor relay

This means that your machine will act as an entry node or forwarding relay and, unlike a bridge, it will be listed in the public Tor directory. Your IP address will be publicly visible in the Tor directory but the relay will only forward to other relays or Tor exit nodes, not directly to the internet.

To run a Tor relay, add the following options to the `torrc` configuration file, you should at least share 20KiB/s:

    Nickname tornickname
    ORPort 9001                  # This TCP-Port has to be opened/forwarded in your Firewall
    BandwidthRate 20 KB          # Throttle traffic to 20KB/s
    BandwidthBurst 50 KB         # But allow bursts up to 50KB/s
    ExitRelay 0                  # Disallow exits from your relay

### Running a Tor exit node

Any requests from a Tor user to the regular internet obviously need to exit the network somewhere, and exit nodes provide this vital service. To the accessed host, the request will appear as having originated from your machine. This means that running an exit node is generally considered more legally onerous than running other forms of Tor relays. Before becoming an exit relay, you may want to read Tor Project - tips for running an exit node.

#### Configuration

Using the `torrc`, you can configure which services you wish to allow through your exit node.

Make the relay an exit relay:

    ExitRelay 1

Allow all traffic:

    ExitPolicy accept *:*

Allow only IRC ports 6660-6667 but nothing else to exit from node:

    ExitPolicy accept *:6660-6667,reject *:*

By default, Tor will block certain ports. You can use the `torrc` to override this, for example accepting NNTP:

    ExitPolicy accept *:119

#### +100Mbps Exit Relay configuration example

This article or section is out of date.

Reason: Should probably be switched from legacy iptables to nftables. Also, review what still counts as a "fast relay" in currentyear. (Discuss in Talk:Tor)

If you run a fast exit relay (+100Mbps) with `ORPort 443` and `DirPort 80`, the following configuration changes might serve as inspiration to setup Tor alongside iptables firewall and pdnsd as DNS cache. It is important to first read Relay Post-install and good practices.

Note: See #Running Tor in a systemd-nspawn container with a virtual network interface for instructions to install Tor in a `systemd-nspawn` container.

##### Tor

###### Raise maximum number of open file descriptors

To handle more than 8192 connections, `LimitNOFILE` can be raised [5]:

    /etc/systemd/system/tor.service.d/increase-file-limits.conf

    [Service]
    LimitNOFILE=65536

To successfully raise `nofile` limit, you may also have to append the following:

    /etc/security/limits.conf

    ...
    tor     soft    nofile    65536
    tor     hard    nofile    65536
    @tor    soft    nofile    65536
    @tor    hard    nofile    65536

Check if the `nofile` (filedescriptor) limit is successfully raised with `ulimit -Hn` as the tor user.

###### Start tor.service as root to bind Tor to privileged ports

To bind Tor to privileged ports the service must be started as root. Please specify `User tor` option in `/etc/tor/torrc`.

    /etc/systemd/system/tor.service.d/start-as-root.conf

    [Service]
    User=root

###### Tor configuration

An example configuration:

    /etc/tor/torrc

    SOCKSPort 0                                       ## Pure relay configuration without local socks proxy

    Log notice stdout                                 ## Default Tor behavior

    ControlPort 9051                                  ## For nyx connection
    CookieAuthentication 1                            ## For nyx connection

    ORPort 443                                        ## Service must be started as root

    Address $IP                                       ## IP or FQDN
    Nickname $NICKNAME                                ## Nickname displayed in Tor Relay Search

    RelayBandwidthRate 500 Mbits                      ## bytes/KBytes/MBytes/GBytes/KBits/MBits/GBits
    RelayBandwidthBurst 1000 MBits                    ## bytes/KBytes/MBytes/GBytes/KBits/MBits/GBits

    ContactInfo $E-MAIL                               ## Tor Relay good practices suggests an email

    DirPort 80                                        ## Service must be started as root
    DirPortFrontPage /etc/tor/tor-exit-notice.html    ## Original

    MyFamily $($KEYID),$($KEYID)...                   ## Remember $ in front of keyid(s) ;)

    ExitPolicy reject XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/XX:*            ## Block domain of public IP in addition to std. exit policy

    User tor                                          ## Return to tor user after service started as root

    DisableDebuggerAttachment 0                       ## For nyx connection

    ### Performance related options ###
    AvoidDiskWrites 1                                 ## Reduce wear on SSD
    DisableAllSwap 1                                  ## Service must be started as root
    HardwareAccel 1                                   ## Look for OpenSSL hardware cryptographic support
    NumCPUs 2                                         ## Only start two threads

See tor(1) for details.

Tor opens a socks proxy on port 9050 by default — even if you do not configure one. Set `SOCKSPort 0` if you plan to run Tor only as a relay, and not make any local application connections yourself.

`Log notice stdout` changes logging to stdout, which is also the Tor default.

`ControlPort 9051`, `CookieAuthentication 1` and `DisableDebuggerAttachment 0` enables nyx to connect to Tor and display connections.

`ORPort 443` and `DirPort 80` lets Tor listen on port 443 and 80.

`DirPortFrontPage` displays tor-exit-notice.html on port 80.

`ExitPolicy reject XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX/XX:*` should reflect your public IP and netmask, which can be obtained with the command `ip addr`, so exit connections cannot connect to the host or neighboring machines public IP and circumvent firewalls.

`AvoidDiskWrites 1` reduces disk writes and wear on SSD.

`DisableAllSwap 1` "will attempt to lock all current and future memory pages, so that memory cannot be paged out".

If `grep aes /proc/cpuinfo` returns that your CPU supports AES instructions and `lsmod | grep aes` returns that the module is loaded, you can specify `HardwareAccel 1` which tries "to use built-in (static) crypto hardware acceleration when available", see https://www.torservers.net/wiki/setup/server#aes-ni_crypto_acceleration.

`ORPort 443`, `DirPort 80` and `DisableAllSwap 1` require that you start the Tor service as `root` as described in #Start tor.service as root to bind Tor to privileged ports.

Use the `User tor` option to properly reduce Tor’s privileges.

##### nyx

If `ControlPort 9051` and `CookieAuthentication 1` is specified in `/etc/tor/torrc`, nyx can be started as the tor user:

    [tor]$ nyx

If you want to watch Tor connections in nyx `DisableDebuggerAttachment 0` must also be specified.

If you want to run `nyx` as a different user than `tor`, read section #Set a Tor Control cookie file

##### iptables

Setup and learn to use iptables. Instead of being a Simple stateful firewall where connection tracking would have to track thousands of connections on a tor exit relay this firewall configuration is stateless.

    /etc/iptables/iptables.rules

    *raw
    -A PREROUTING -j NOTRACK
    -A OUTPUT -j NOTRACK
    COMMIT

    *filter
    :INPUT DROP [0:0]
    :FORWARD DROP [0:0]
    :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
    -A INPUT -p tcp ! --syn -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -p udp -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
    COMMIT

`-A PREROUTING -j NOTRACK` and `-A OUTPUT -j NOTRACK` disables connection tracking in the `raw` table.

`:INPUT DROP [0:0]` is the default `INPUT` target and drops input traffic we do not specifically `ACCEPT`.

`:FORWARD DROP [0:0]` is the default `FORWARD` target and only relevant if the host is a normal router, not when the host is an onion router.

`:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]` is the default `OUTPUT` target and allows all outgoing connections.

`-A INPUT -p tcp ! --syn -j ACCEPT` allow already established incoming TCP connections per the rules below and TCP connections established from the exit node.

`-A INPUT -p udp -j ACCEPT` allow all incoming UDP connections because we do not use connection tracking.

`-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT` allow ICMP.

`-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT` allow incoming connections to the `ORPort`.

`-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT` allow incoming connections to the `DirPort`.

`-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT` allows all connections on the loopback interface.

##### pdnsd

Warning: This configuration assumes your network DNS resolver is trusted (uncensored).

You can use pdnsd to cache DNS queries locally, so the exit relay can resolve DNS faster and the exit relay does not forward all DNS queries to an external DNS recursor.

    /etc/pdnsd.conf

    ...
    perm_cache=102400                       ## (Default value)*100 = 1MB * 100 = 100MB
    ...
    server {
        label= "resolvconf";
        file = "/etc/pdnsd-resolv.conf";    ## Preferably do not use /etc/resolv.conf
        timeout=4;                          ## Server timeout, this may be much shorter than the global timeout option.
        uptest=query;                       ## Test availability using empty DNS queries.
        query_test_name=".";                ## To be used if remote servers ignore empty queries.
        interval=10m;                       ## Test every 10 minutes.
        purge_cache=off;                    ## Ignore TTL.
        edns_query=yes;                     ## Use EDNS for outgoing queries to allow UDP messages larger than 512 bytes. May cause trouble with some legacy systems.
        preset=off;                         ## Assume server is down before uptest.
     }
    ...

This configuration stub shows how to cache queries to your normal DNS recursor locally and increase pdnsd cache size to 100MB.

###### Uncensored DNS

If your local DNS recursor is in some way censored or interferes with DNS queries, see Alternative DNS services for alternatives and add them in a separate server-section in `/etc/pdnsd.conf` as per Pdnsd#DNS servers.

#### Ensuring relay is working

First check that `tor.service` started correctly either with the journal or by checking the unit status.

If there are no errors, one can run `nyx` to ensure your relay is making connections. Do not be concerned if your new relay is slow at first; this is normal. After approximately 3 hours, your relay should be published and searchable on Relay Search.

## TorDNS

DNS queries can be performed through a command line interface by using `tor-resolve` For example:

    $ tor-resolve archlinux.org

    66.211.214.131

The Tor 0.2.x series also provides a built-in DNS forwarder. To enable it add the following lines to the Tor configuration file and restart the daemon:

    /etc/tor/torrc

    DNSPort 9053
    AutomapHostsOnResolve 1
    AutomapHostsSuffixes .exit,.onion

This will allow Tor to accept DNS requests (listening on port 9053 in this example) like a regular DNS server, and resolve the domain via the Tor network.

A downside of both methods is that they are only able to resolve DNS queries for A, AAAA and PTR records; MX and NS queries are never answered. For more information see this Debian-based introduction.

### Using TorDNS systemwide

It is possible to configure your system, if so desired, to use TorDNS for any A, AAAA and PTR queries your system makes, regardless of whether or not you eventually use Tor to connect to your final destination. To do this, configure your system to use 127.0.0.1 as its DNS server and edit the `DNSPort` line in `/etc/tor/torrc` to show:

    DNSPort 53

Alternatively, you can use a local caching DNS server, such as dnsmasq or pdnsd, which will also compensate for TorDNS being a little slower than traditional DNS servers. The following instructions will show how to set up dnsmasq for this purpose. Note, if you are using NetworkManager you will need to add your configuration file to the location outlined in NetworkManager#dnsmasq.

Change the tor setting to listen for the DNS request in port 9053 and install dnsmasq.

Modify its configuration file so that it contains:

    /etc/dnsmasq.conf

    no-resolv
    port=53
    server=127.0.0.1#9053
    listen-address=127.0.0.1

These configurations set dnsmasq to listen only for requests from the local computer, and to use TorDNS at its sole upstream provider. It is now necessary to edit `/etc/resolv.conf` so that your system will query only the dnsmasq server.

    /etc/resolv.conf

    nameserver 127.0.0.1

Start the dnsmasq daemon.

Finally if you use dhcpcd you would need to change its settings to that it does not alter the resolv configuration file. Just add this line in the configuration file:

    /etc/dhcpcd.conf

    nohook resolv.conf

If you already have an `nohook` line, just add `resolv.conf` separated with a comma.

## Torsocks

torsocks will allow you use an application via the Tor network without the need to make configuration changes to the application involved. From torsocks(1):

torsocks is a wrapper between the torsocks library and the application in order to make every Internet communication go through the Tor network.

Note the wrapper deliberately, and verbosely, fail for some system calls. So some applications will not fully work with it. See torsocks-and-unsupported-syscalls.

Usage example:

    $ torsocks elinks checkip.dyndns.org
    $ torsocks wget -qO- https://check.torproject.org/ | grep -i congratulations

## Transparent Torification

In some cases it is more secure and often easier to transparently torify an entire system instead of configuring individual applications to use Tor's socks port, not to mention preventing DNS leaks. Transparent torification can be done with iptables in such a way that all outbound packets are redirected through Tor's TransPort, except the Tor traffic itself. Once in place, applications do not need to be configured to use Tor, though Tor's SOCKSPort will still work. This also works for DNS via Tor's DNSPort, but realize that Tor only supports TCP, thus UDP packets other than DNS cannot be sent through Tor and therefore must be blocked entirely to prevent leaks.

Using iptables to transparently torify a system affords comparatively strong leak protection, but it is not a substitute for virtualized torification applications such as Whonix, or TorVM [6]. Transparent torification also will not protect against fingerprinting attacks on its own, so it is recommended to use an amnesic solution like Tails instead. Applications can still learn your computer's hostname, MAC address, serial number, timezone, etc. and those with root privileges can disable the firewall entirely. In other words, transparent torification with iptables protects against accidental connections and DNS leaks by misconfigured software, it is not sufficient to protect against malware or software with serious security vulnerabilities.

When a transparent proxy is used, it is possible to start a Tor session from the client as well as from the transparent proxy, creating a "Tor over Tor" scenario. Doing so produces undefined and potentially unsafe behavior. In theory, the user could get six hops instead of three in the Tor network. However, it is not guaranteed that the three additional hops received are different; the user could end up with the same hops, possibly in reverse or mixed order. The Tor Project opinion is that this is unsafe [7] [8].

To enable transparent torification, use the following file for `iptables-restore` and `ip6tables-restore` (internally used by systemd's `iptables.service` and `ip6tables.service`).

Note: This file uses the NAT table to force outgoing connections through the TransPort or DNSPort, and blocks anything it cannot torrify.

- Now using `--ipv6` and `--ipv4` for protocol specific changes. `iptables-restore` and `ip6tables-restore` can now use the same file.
- Where `--ipv6` or `--ipv4` is explicitly defined, `ip*tables-restore` will ignore the rule if it is not for the correct protocol.
- `ip6tables` does not support `--reject-with`.

Make sure your `torrc` contains the following lines:

    SOCKSPort 9050
    DNSPort 5353
    TransPort 9040

See iptables(8).

Note: If you get this error: `iptables-restore: unable to initialize table 'nat'`, you have to load the appropriate kernel modules:

    # modprobe ip_tables iptable_nat ip_conntrack iptable-filter ipt_state

    /etc/iptables/iptables.rules

    *nat
    :PREROUTING ACCEPT [6:2126]
    :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
    :OUTPUT ACCEPT [17:6239]
    :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [6:408]

    -A PREROUTING ! -i lo -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 5353
    -A PREROUTING ! -i lo -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -j REDIRECT --to-ports 9040
    -A OUTPUT -o lo -j RETURN
    --ipv4 -A OUTPUT -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j RETURN
    -A OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner "tor" -j RETURN
    -A OUTPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 5353
    -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -j REDIRECT --to-ports 9040
    COMMIT

    *filter
    :INPUT DROP [0:0]
    :FORWARD DROP [0:0]
    :OUTPUT DROP [0:0]

    -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
    -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
    --ipv4 -A INPUT -p tcp -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
    --ipv4 -A INPUT -p udp -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
    --ipv4 -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-proto-unreachable
    --ipv6 -A INPUT -j REJECT
    --ipv4 -A OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
    --ipv4 -A OUTPUT -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT
    --ipv6 -A OUTPUT -d ::1/8 -j ACCEPT
    -A OUTPUT -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
    -A OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner "tor" -j ACCEPT
    --ipv4 -A OUTPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
    --ipv6 -A OUTPUT -j REJECT
    COMMIT

This file also works for `ip6tables-restore`, so you may symlink it:

    # ln -s /etc/iptables/iptables.rules /etc/iptables/ip6tables.rules

Then make sure Tor is running, and start/enable the `iptables` and `ip6tables` systemd units.

You may want to add `Requires=iptables.service` and `Requires=ip6tables.service` to whatever systemd unit logs your user in (most likely a display manager), to prevent any user processes from being started before the firewall up. See systemd.

## Tips and tricks

### Kernel capabilities

If you want to run tor as a non-root user, and use a port lower than 1024 you can use kernel capabilities to allow `/usr/bin/tor` to bind to ports lower than 1024:

    # setcap CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE=+eip /usr/bin/tor

Note: Any upgrade to the tor package will reset the permissions, consider using pacman#Hooks, to automatically set the permissions after upgrades.

If you use the systemd service, it is also possible to use systemd to give the tor process the appropriate permissions. This has the benefit that permissions do not need to be reapplied after every tor upgrade:

    /etc/systemd/system/tor.service.d/netcap.conf

    [Service]
    CapabilityBoundingSet=
    CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE
    AmbientCapabilities=
    AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE

Refer to superuser.com for further explanations.

## Troubleshooting

### Problem with user value

If the tor daemon failed to start, then run the following command as root (or use sudo)

    # tor

If you get the following error

    May 23 00:27:24.624 [warn] Error setting groups to gid 43: "Operation not permitted".
    May 23 00:27:24.624 [warn] If you set the "User" option, you must start Tor as root.
    May 23 00:27:24.624 [warn] Failed to parse/validate config: Problem with User value. See logs for details.
    May 23 00:27:24.624 [err] Reading config failed--see warnings above.

Then it means that the problem is with the User value, which likely means that one or more files or directories in your `/var/lib/tor` directory is not owned by tor. This can be determined by using the following find command:

    # find /var/lib/tor/ '!' -user tor

Any files or directories listed in the output from this command needs to have its ownership changed. This can be done individually for each file like so:

    # chown tor:tor /var/lib/tor/filename

Or to change everything listed by the above find example, modify the command to this:

    # chown -R -v tor:tor /var/lib/tor

Tor should now start up correctly.

Still if you cannot start the tor service, run the service using root (this will switch back to the tor user). To do this, change the user name in the `/etc/tor/torrc` file:

    User tor

Now edit `tor.service` as follows

    [Service]
    User=root
    Group=root
    Type=simple

The process will be run as tor user. For this purpose change user and group ID to tor and also make it writable:

    # chown -R tor:tor /var/lib/tor/
    # chmod -R 700 /var/lib/tor

Now do a daemon-reload then start `tor.service`.

### Tor Browser proxy problems

Tor Browser should generally work without significant customization. If previously installed/configured and bundled proxy fails with `proxy server is refusing connections` for any website, consider resetting settings by moving or deleting `~/.local/share/torbrowser/` directory.

### tor-browser blank black screen

If using AppArmor, update the torbrowser profile to allow access to required resources [9], [10]:

    /etc/apparmor.d/local/torbrowser.Browser.firefox

    owner /{dev,run}/shm/org.mozilla.*.* rw,

## See also

- Set up Your Onion Service
- Using pluggable transports to circumvent censorship
- Tor Relay Operator best practices
- Old Wiki

Category:

- Anonymity networks

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