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# PAM

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Related articles

- Security
- pam_mount
- pam_usb
- pam_abl
- pam_oath
- Universal 2nd Factor
- Identity management

The Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) provides a framework for system-wide user authentication. To quote the project:

  PAM provides a way to develop programs that are independent of authentication scheme. These programs need "authentication modules" to be attached to them at run-time in order to work. Which authentication module is to be attached is dependent upon the local system setup and is at the discretion of the local system administrator.

This article explains the Arch Linux base set-up defaults for PAM to authenticate local and remote users. Applying changes to the defaults is subject of crosslinked specialized per topic articles.

## Installation

The pam package is a dependency of the base meta package and, thereby, normally installed on an Arch system. The PAM modules are installed into `/usr/lib/security` exclusively.

The repositories contain a number of optional PAM packages, the #Configuration How-Tos show examples.

## Configuration

A number of `/etc` paths are relevant for PAM; execute `pacman --query --list pam | grep /etc` to see the default configuration files created. They relate to either #Security parameters for the modules, or the #PAM base-stack configuration.

### Security parameters

The path `/etc/security` contains system-specific configuration for variables the authentication methods offer. The base install populates it with default upstream configuration files.

Note Arch Linux does not provide distribution-specific configuration for these files. For example, the `/etc/security/pwquality.conf` file can be used to define system-wide defaults for password quality. Yet, to enable it, the `pam_pwquality.so` module has to be added to the #PAM base-stack of modules, which is not the case per default.

See #Security parameter configuration for some of the possibilities.

### PAM base-stack

The `/etc/pam.d/` path is exclusive for the PAM configuration to link the applications to the individual systems' authentication schemes. During installation of the system base, it is populated by:

- the pambase package, which contains the base-stack of Arch Linux specific PAM configuration to be used by applications, and
- other base packages. For example, util-linux adds configuration for the central login and other programs, the shadow package adds the Arch Linux defaults to secure and modify the user database (see Users and groups).

The different configuration files of the base installation link together and are stacked during runtime. For example, on a local user logon, the login application sources the `system-local-login` policy, which in turn sources others:

    /etc/pam.d/

    login -> system-local-login -> system-login -> system-auth

For a different application, a different path may apply. For example, openssh installs its `sshd` PAM policy:

    /etc/pam.d/

    sshd -> system-remote-login -> system-login -> system-auth

Consequently, the choice of the configuration file in the stack matters. For the above example, a special authentication method could be required for `sshd` only, or all remote logins by changing `system-remote-login`; both changes would not affect local logins. Applying the change to `system-login` or `system-auth` instead would affect local and remote logins.

Like the example of `sshd`, any pam-aware application is required to install its policy to `/etc/pam.d` in order to integrate and rely on the PAM stack appropriately. If an application fails to do it, the `/etc/pam.d/other` default policy to deny and log a warning is applied.

Tip:

PAM is dynamically linked at runtime. For example:

    $ ldd /usr/bin/login | grep pam

    libpam.so.0 => /usr/lib/libpam.so.0 (0x000003d8c32d6000)
    libpam_misc.so.0 => /usr/lib/libpam_misc.so.0 (0x000003d8c30d2000)

the login application is pam-aware and must, therefore, have a policy.

The PAM package manual pages pam(8) and pam.d(5) describe the standardized content of the configuration files. In particular, they explain the four PAM groups: account, authentication, password, and session management, as well as the control values that may be used to configure stacking and behavior of the modules.

Additionally, extensive documentation is installed to `/usr/share/doc/Linux-PAM/index.html` which, among various guides, contains browsable man pages for each of the standard modules.

Warning: Changes to the PAM configuration fundamentally affect user authentication. Erroneous changes can result in that no user can log in, or all users being able to log in.
Tip: Changes are not effective for already authenticated users; a way to work with PAM is to login preferably locally on the testing machine and develop, keeping the session constantly running, while checking the results from another user on another console.

#### Examples

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: (1) the use of nullok (2) the way pam handles optional modules (Discuss in Talk:PAM#Accuracy of PAM#Examples)

Two short examples to illustrate the above warning.

First, we take the following two lines from a historic Arch default:

    /etc/pam.d/system-auth

    auth      required  pam_unix.so     try_first_pass nullok
    auth      optional  pam_permit.so

From pam_unix(8):

  The authentication component `pam_unix.so` performs the task of checking the users credentials (password). The default action of this module is to not permit the user access to a service if their official password is blank.

- the latter being what `pam_permit.so` is used for. Simply swapping the control values `required` and `optional` for both lines is enough to disable password authentication, i.e. any user may logon without providing a password.

Second, as the contrary example, per default configuration of `pam_nologin.so` in `/etc/pam.d/login`, creating the following file:

    # touch /etc/nologin

results in that no user other than root may login (if root logins are allowed, see Security#Restricting root login). To allow logins again, remove the file again before your logout from the console you created it with.

With that as background, see #PAM stack and module configuration for particular use-case configuration.

## Configuration How-Tos

This section provides an overview of content detailing how to apply changes to the PAM configuration and how to integrate special new PAM modules into the PAM stack. Note the man pages for the modules can generally be reached dropping the `.so` extension.

### Security parameter configuration

The following sections describe examples to change the default PAM parameter configuration:

- Security#Enforcing strong passwords with pam_pwquality

  shows how to enforce strong passwords with `pam_cracklib.so`.

- Security#Lock out user after three failed login attempts

  shows how to configure the limits on login attempts with `pam_faillock.so`.

- Security#Allow only certain users

  limits user logons with `pam_wheel.so`.

- Realtime process management#Configuring PAM and Security#Limit amount of processes

  detail how to configure system process limits with `pam_limits.so`.

- Environment variables#Using pam_env

  shows examples to set environment variables via `pam_env.so`.

### PAM stack and module configuration

The following articles detail how to change the #PAM base-stack for special use-cases.

pam_mount
  detail examples for using `pam_mount.so` to automount encrypted directory paths on user login.
ECryptfs#Auto-mounting
  uses `pam_ecryptfs.so` to automount an encrypted directory.
Dm-crypt/Mounting at login
  shows how to use `pam_exec.so` to execute a custom script on a user login.
Active Directory integration#Configuring PAM
  uses `pam_winbind.so` and `pam_krb5.so` to let users authenticate via Active Directory (LDAP, Kerberos) services.
LDAP authentication
  is an article about integrating LDAP client or server-side authentication with `pam_ldap.so`.
YubiKey#Linux user authentication with PAM
  describes how to use U2F (`pam_u2f.so`) and the proprietary Yubico OTP implementation (`pam_yubico.so`) provided by the YubiKey with PAM
pam_oath
  shows an example to implement software based two-factor authentication with `pam_oath.so`.
fprint
  employs `pam_fprintd.so` to setup fingerprint authentication.
pam_autologin
  saves username and password to log in automatically.
pam_usb
  shows how to configure `pam_usb.so` to use an usb-device for, optionally two-factor, authentication.
SSH keys#pam_ssh
  uses `pam_ssh.so` to authenticate as a remote user.
pam_abl
  explains how `pam_abl.so` can be used to limit brute-forcing attacks via ssh.
EncFS
  may get automounted via `pam_encfs.so`.
Google Authenticator
  shows how to set up two-factor authentication with `pam_google_authenticator.so`.
Very Secure FTP Daemon#PAM with virtual users
  explains how to configure a FTP chroot with `pam_pwdfile.so` to authenticate users without a local system account.

## Further PAM packages

Other than those packages mentioned so far, the Arch User Repository contains a number of additional PAM modules and tools.

A general purpose utility relating to PAM is:

- Pamtester — Program to test the pluggable authentication modules (PAM) facility

  https://pamtester.sourceforge.net/ || pamtesterAUR

Note the AUR features a keyword tag for PAM, but not all available packages are updated to include it. Hence, searching the package description may be necessary.

## Tips and tricks

### Locked out

If PAM has locked you out, perhaps by typing the wrong password too many times, see Security#Lock out user after three failed login attempts.

## See also

- linux-pam.org - The project homepage
- Understanding and configuring PAM - An introductory article
- Login managers: An introduction - Motivates PAM in the context of a login manager

Categories:

- Kernel
- Authentication

Hidden category:

- Pages or sections flagged with Template:Accuracy