queue — stdlib v6.0

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# View Source queue (stdlib v6.0)

Abstract data type for FIFO queues.

This module provides (double-ended) FIFO queues in an efficient manner.

All functions fail with reason `badarg` if arguments are of wrong type, for example, queue arguments are not queues, indexes are not integers, and list arguments are not lists. Improper lists cause internal crashes. An index out of range for a queue also causes a failure with reason `badarg`.

Some functions, where noted, fail with reason `empty` for an empty queue.

The data representing a queue as used by this module is to be regarded as opaque by other modules. In abstract terms, the representation is a composite type of existing Erlang terms. See note on data types. Any code assuming knowledge of the format is running on thin ice.

All operations have an amortized O(1) running time, except `all/2`, `any/2`, `delete/2`, `delete_r/2`, `delete_with/2`, `delete_with_r/2`, `filter/2`, `filtermap/2`, `fold/3`, `join/2`, `len/1`, `member/2`, `split/2` that have O(n). To minimize the size of a queue minimizing the amount of garbage built by queue operations, the queues do not contain explicit length information, and that is why `len/1` is O(n). If better performance for this particular operation is essential, it is easy for the caller to keep track of the length.

Queues are double-ended. The mental picture of a queue is a line of people (items) waiting for their turn. The queue front is the end with the item that has waited the longest. The queue rear is the end an item enters when it starts to wait. If instead using the mental picture of a list, the front is called head and the rear is called tail.

Entering at the front and exiting at the rear are reverse operations on the queue.

This module has three sets of interface functions: the "Original API", the "Extended API", and the "Okasaki API".

The "Original API" and the "Extended API" both use the mental picture of a waiting line of items. Both have reverse operations suffixed "_r".

The "Original API" item removal functions return compound terms with both the removed item and the resulting queue. The "Extended API" contains alternative functions that build less garbage and functions for just inspecting the queue ends. Also the "Okasaki API" functions build less garbage.

The "Okasaki API" is inspired by "Purely Functional Data Structures" by Chris Okasaki. It regards queues as lists. This API is by many regarded as strange and avoidable. For example, many reverse operations have lexically reversed names, some with more readable but perhaps less understandable aliases.

# Summary

## Types

queue()
queue(Item)

As returned by `new/0`.

## Original API

all(Pred, Q)

Returns `true` if `Pred(Item)` returns `true` for all items `Item` in `Q`, otherwise `false`.

any(Pred, Q)

Returns `true` if `Pred(Item)` returns `true` for at least one item `Item` in `Q`, otherwise `false`.

delete(Item, Q1)

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the first item matching `Item` is deleted, if there is such an item.

delete_r(Item, Q1)

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the last item matching `Item` is deleted, if there is such an item.

delete_with(Pred, Q1)

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the first item for which `Pred` returns `true` is deleted, if there is such an item.

delete_with_r(Pred, Q1)

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the last item for which `Pred` returns `true` is deleted, if there is such an item.

filter(Fun, Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of calling `Fun(Item)` on all items in `Q1`.

filtermap(Fun, Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of calling `Fun(Item)` on all items in `Q1`.

fold(Fun, Acc0, Q)

Calls `Fun(Item, AccIn)` on successive items `Item` of `Queue`, starting with `AccIn == Acc0`. The queue is traversed in queue order, that is, from front to rear. `Fun/2` must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. `Acc0` is returned if the queue is empty.

from_list(L)

Returns a queue containing the items in `L` in the same order; the head item of the list becomes the front item of the queue.

in(Item, Q1)

Inserts `Item` at the rear of queue `Q1`. Returns the resulting queue `Q2`.

in_r(Item, Q1)

Inserts `Item` at the front of queue `Q1`. Returns the resulting queue `Q2`.

is_empty(Q)

Tests if `Q` is empty and returns `true` if so, otherwise `false`.

is_queue(Term)

Tests if `Term` is a queue and returns `true` if so, otherwise `false`. Note that the test will return `true` for a term coinciding with the representation of a queue, even when not constructed by thus module. See also note on data types.

join(Q1, Q2)

Returns a queue `Q3` that is the result of joining `Q1` and `Q2` with `Q1` in front of `Q2`.

len(Q)

Calculates and returns the length of queue `Q`.

member(Item, Q)

Returns `true` if `Item` matches some element in `Q`, otherwise `false`.

new()

Returns an empty queue.

out(Q1)

Removes the item at the front of queue `Q1`. Returns tuple `{{value, Item}, Q2}`, where `Item` is the item removed and `Q2` is the resulting queue. If `Q1` is empty, tuple `{empty, Q1}` is returned.

out_r(Q1)

Removes the item at the rear of queue `Q1`. Returns tuple `{{value, Item}, Q2}`, where `Item` is the item removed and `Q2` is the new queue. If `Q1` is empty, tuple `{empty, Q1}` is returned.

reverse(Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` containing the items of `Q1` in the reverse order.

split(N, Q1)

Splits `Q1` in two. The `N` front items are put in `Q2` and the rest in `Q3`.

to_list(Q)

Returns a list of the items in the queue in the same order; the front item of the queue becomes the head of the list.

## Extended API

drop(Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the front item from `Q1`.

drop_r(Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the rear item from `Q1`.

get(Q)

Returns `Item` at the front of queue `Q`.

get_r(Q)

Returns `Item` at the rear of queue `Q`.

peek(Q)

Returns tuple `{value, Item}`, where `Item` is the front item of `Q`, or `empty` if `Q` is empty.

peek_r(Q)

Returns tuple `{value, Item}`, where `Item` is the rear item of `Q`, or `empty` if `Q` is empty.

## Okasaki API

cons(Item, Q1)

Inserts `Item` at the head of queue `Q1`. Returns the new queue `Q2`.

daeh(Q)

Returns the tail item of queue `Q`.

head(Q)

Returns `Item` from the head of queue `Q`.

init(Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the tail item from `Q1`.

lait(Q1) deprecated

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the tail item from `Q1`.

last(Q)

Returns the tail item of queue `Q`.

liat(Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the tail item from `Q1`.

snoc(Q1, Item)

Inserts `Item` as the tail item of queue `Q1`. Returns the new queue `Q2`.

tail(Q1)

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the head item from `Q1`.

# Types

Link to this type

# queue()

View Source

    -type queue() :: queue(_).

Link to this opaque

# queue(Item)

View Source

    -opaque queue(Item)

As returned by `new/0`.

# Original API

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# all(Pred, Q)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec all(Pred, Q :: queue(Item)) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Item) -> boolean()).

Returns `true` if `Pred(Item)` returns `true` for all items `Item` in `Q`, otherwise `false`.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    2> queue:all(fun (E) -> E > 3 end, Queue).
    false
    3> queue:all(fun (E) -> E > 0 end, Queue).
    true

Link to this function

# any(Pred, Q)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec any(Pred, Q :: queue(Item)) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Item) -> boolean()).

Returns `true` if `Pred(Item)` returns `true` for at least one item `Item` in `Q`, otherwise `false`.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    2> queue:any(fun (E) -> E > 10 end, Queue).
    false
    3> queue:any(fun (E) -> E > 3 end, Queue).
    true

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# delete(Item, Q1)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec delete(Item, Q1) -> Q2 when Item :: T, Q1 :: queue(T), Q2 :: queue(T), T :: term().

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the first item matching `Item` is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    2> Queue1 = queue:delete(3, Queue).
    3> queue:member(3, Queue1).
    false

Link to this function

# delete_r(Item, Q1)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec delete_r(Item, Q1) -> Q2 when Item :: T, Q1 :: queue(T), Q2 :: queue(T), T :: term().

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the last item matching `Item` is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,3,5]).
    2> Queue1 = queue:delete_r(3, Queue).
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,3,4,5]

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# delete_with(Pred, Q1)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec delete_with(Pred, Q1) -> Q2
                         when
                             Pred :: fun((Item) -> boolean()),
                             Q1 :: queue(Item),
                             Q2 :: queue(Item),
                             Item :: term().

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the first item for which `Pred` returns `true` is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([100,1,2,3,4,5]).
    2> Queue1 = queue:delete_with(fun (E) -> E > 0, Queue).
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,3,4,5]

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# delete_with_r(Pred, Q1)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec delete_with_r(Pred, Q1) -> Q2
                           when
                               Pred :: fun((Item) -> boolean()),
                               Q1 :: queue(Item),
                               Q2 :: queue(Item),
                               Item :: term().

Returns a copy of `Q1` where the last item for which `Pred` returns `true` is deleted, if there is such an item.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5,100]).
    2> Queue1 = queue:delete_with(fun (E) -> E > 10, Queue).
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,3,4,5]

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# filter(Fun, Q1)

View Source

    -spec filter(Fun, Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item) when Fun :: fun((Item) -> boolean() | [Item]).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of calling `Fun(Item)` on all items in `Q1`.

If `Fun(Item)` returns `true`, `Item` is copied to the result queue. If it returns `false`, `Item` is not copied. If it returns a list, the list elements are inserted instead of `Item` in the result queue.

Example 1:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue1 = queue:filter(fun (E) -> E > 2 end, Queue).
    {[5],[3,4]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [3,4,5]

So, `Fun(Item)` returning `[Item]` is thereby semantically equivalent to returning `true`, just as returning `[]` is semantically equivalent to returning `false`. But returning a list builds more garbage than returning an atom.

Example 2:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue1 = queue:filter(fun (E) -> [E, E+1] end, Queue).
    {[6,5,5,4,4,3],[1,2,2,3]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6]

Link to this function

# filtermap(Fun, Q1)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec filtermap(Fun, Q1) -> Q2
                       when
                           Fun :: fun((Item) -> boolean() | {true, Value}),
                           Q1 :: queue(Item),
                           Q2 :: queue(Item | Value),
                           Item :: term(),
                           Value :: term().

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of calling `Fun(Item)` on all items in `Q1`.

If `Fun(Item)` returns `true`, `Item` is copied to the result queue. If it returns `false`, `Item` is not copied. If it returns `{true, NewItem}`, the queue element at this position is replaced with `NewItem` in the result queue.

Example 1:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue1 = queue:filtermap(fun (E) -> E > 2 end, Queue).
    {[5],[3,4]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [3,4,5]
    4> Queue1 = queue:filtermap(fun (E) -> {true, E+100} end, Queue).
    {"ihg","ef"}
    5> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    "efghi

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# fold(Fun, Acc0, Q)

View Source (since OTP 24.0)

    -spec fold(Fun, Acc0, Q :: queue(Item)) -> Acc1
                  when
                      Fun :: fun((Item, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                      Acc0 :: term(),
                      Acc1 :: term(),
                      AccIn :: term(),
                      AccOut :: term().

Calls `Fun(Item, AccIn)` on successive items `Item` of `Queue`, starting with `AccIn == Acc0`. The queue is traversed in queue order, that is, from front to rear. `Fun/2` must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. `Acc0` is returned if the queue is empty.

Example:

    1> queue:fold(fun(X, Sum) -> X + Sum end, 0, queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5])).
    15
    2> queue:fold(fun(X, Prod) -> X * Prod end, 1, queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5])).
    120

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# from_list(L)

View Source

    -spec from_list(L :: [Item]) -> queue(Item).

Returns a queue containing the items in `L` in the same order; the head item of the list becomes the front item of the queue.

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# in(Item, Q1)

View Source

    -spec in(Item, Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Inserts `Item` at the rear of queue `Q1`. Returns the resulting queue `Q2`.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue1 = queue:in(100, Queue).
    {[100,5,4,3],[1,2]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,3,4,5,100]

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# in_r(Item, Q1)

View Source

    -spec in_r(Item, Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Inserts `Item` at the front of queue `Q1`. Returns the resulting queue `Q2`.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue1 = queue:in_r(100, Queue).
    {[5,4,3],[100,1,2]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [100,1,2,3,4,5]

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# is_empty(Q)

View Source

    -spec is_empty(Q :: queue()) -> boolean().

Tests if `Q` is empty and returns `true` if so, otherwise `false`.

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# is_queue(Term)

View Source

    -spec is_queue(Term :: term()) -> boolean().

Tests if `Term` is a queue and returns `true` if so, otherwise `false`. Note that the test will return `true` for a term coinciding with the representation of a queue, even when not constructed by thus module. See also note on data types.

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# join(Q1, Q2)

View Source

    -spec join(Q1 :: queue(Item), Q2 :: queue(Item)) -> Q3 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q3` that is the result of joining `Q1` and `Q2` with `Q1` in front of `Q2`.

Example:

    1> Queue1 = queue:from_list([1,3]).
    {[3],[1]}
    2> Queue2 = queue:from_list([2,4]).
    {[4],[2]}
    3> queue:to_list(queue:join(Queue1, Queue2)).
    [1,3,2,4]

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# len(Q)

View Source

    -spec len(Q :: queue()) -> non_neg_integer().

Calculates and returns the length of queue `Q`.

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# member(Item, Q)

View Source

    -spec member(Item, Q :: queue(Item)) -> boolean().

Returns `true` if `Item` matches some element in `Q`, otherwise `false`.

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# new()

View Source

    -spec new() -> queue(none()).

Returns an empty queue.

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# out(Q1)

View Source

    -spec out(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> {{value, Item}, Q2 :: queue(Item)} | {empty, Q1 :: queue(Item)}.

Removes the item at the front of queue `Q1`. Returns tuple `{{value, Item}, Q2}`, where `Item` is the item removed and `Q2` is the resulting queue. If `Q1` is empty, tuple `{empty, Q1}` is returned.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> {{value, 1=Item}, Queue1} = queue:out(Queue).
    {{value,1},{[5,4,3],[2]}}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [2,3,4,5]

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# out_r(Q1)

View Source

    -spec out_r(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> {{value, Item}, Q2 :: queue(Item)} | {empty, Q1 :: queue(Item)}.

Removes the item at the rear of queue `Q1`. Returns tuple `{{value, Item}, Q2}`, where `Item` is the item removed and `Q2` is the new queue. If `Q1` is empty, tuple `{empty, Q1}` is returned.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> {{value, 5=Item}, Queue1} = queue:out_r(Queue).
    {{value,5},{[4,3],[1,2]}}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,3,4]

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# reverse(Q1)

View Source

    -spec reverse(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` containing the items of `Q1` in the reverse order.

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# split(N, Q1)

View Source

    -spec split(N :: non_neg_integer(), Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> {Q2 :: queue(Item), Q3 :: queue(Item)}.

Splits `Q1` in two. The `N` front items are put in `Q2` and the rest in `Q3`.

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# to_list(Q)

View Source

    -spec to_list(Q :: queue(Item)) -> [Item].

Returns a list of the items in the queue in the same order; the front item of the queue becomes the head of the list.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> List == queue:to_list(Queue).
    true

# Extended API

Link to this function

# drop(Q1)

View Source

    -spec drop(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the front item from `Q1`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q1` is empty.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue = queue:drop(Queue).
    {[5,4,3],[2]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [2,3,4,5]

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# drop_r(Q1)

View Source

    -spec drop_r(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the rear item from `Q1`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q1` is empty.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> Queue = queue:drop_r(Queue).
    {[4,3],[1,2]}
    3> queue:to_list(Queue1).
    [1,2,3,4]

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# get(Q)

View Source

    -spec get(Q :: queue(Item)) -> Item.

Returns `Item` at the front of queue `Q`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example 1:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> 1 == queue:get(Queue).
    true

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# get_r(Q)

View Source

    -spec get_r(Q :: queue(Item)) -> Item.

Returns `Item` at the rear of queue `Q`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example 1:

    1> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    2> 5 == queue:get_r(Queue).
    true

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# peek(Q)

View Source

    -spec peek(Q :: queue(Item)) -> empty | {value, Item}.

Returns tuple `{value, Item}`, where `Item` is the front item of `Q`, or `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example 1:

    1> queue:peek(queue:new()).
    empty
    2> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    3> queue:peek(Queue).
    {value, 1}

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# peek_r(Q)

View Source

    -spec peek_r(Q :: queue(Item)) -> empty | {value, Item}.

Returns tuple `{value, Item}`, where `Item` is the rear item of `Q`, or `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example 1:

    1> queue:peek_r(queue:new()).
    empty
    2> Queue = queue:from_list([1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[5,4,3],[1,2]}
    3> queue:peek_r(Queue).
    {value, 5}

# Okasaki API

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# cons(Item, Q1)

View Source

    -spec cons(Item, Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Inserts `Item` at the head of queue `Q1`. Returns the new queue `Q2`.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:cons(0, queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
    {[3,2],[0,1]}
    2> queue:to_list(Queue).
    [0,1,2,3]

Link to this function

# daeh(Q)

View Source

    -spec daeh(Q :: queue(Item)) -> Item.

Returns the tail item of queue `Q`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example 1:

    1> queue:daeh(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
    3

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# head(Q)

View Source

    -spec head(Q :: queue(Item)) -> Item.

Returns `Item` from the head of queue `Q`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example 1:

    1> queue:head(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
    1

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# init(Q1)

View Source

    -spec init(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the tail item from `Q1`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q1` is empty.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:init(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
    {[2],[1]}
    2> queue:to_list(Queue).
    [1,2]

Link to this function

# lait(Q1)

View Source
This function is deprecated. queue:lait/1 is deprecated; use queue:liat/1 instead.

    -spec lait(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the tail item from `Q1`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q1` is empty.

The name `lait/1` is a misspelling - do not use it anymore.

Link to this function

# last(Q)

View Source

    -spec last(Q :: queue(Item)) -> Item.

Returns the tail item of queue `Q`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q` is empty.

Example:

    1> queue:last(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
    3

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# liat(Q1)

View Source

    -spec liat(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the tail item from `Q1`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q1` is empty.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:liat(queue:from_list([1,2,3])).
    {[2],[1]}
    2> queue:to_list(Queue).
    [1,2]

Link to this function

# snoc(Q1, Item)

View Source

    -spec snoc(Q1 :: queue(Item), Item) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Inserts `Item` as the tail item of queue `Q1`. Returns the new queue `Q2`.

Example:

    1> Queue = queue:snoc(queue:from_list([1,2,3]), 4).
    {[4,3,2],[1]}
    2> queue:to_list(Queue).
    [1,2,3,4]

Link to this function

# tail(Q1)

View Source

    -spec tail(Q1 :: queue(Item)) -> Q2 :: queue(Item).

Returns a queue `Q2` that is the result of removing the head item from `Q1`.

Fails with reason `empty` if `Q1` is empty.